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电磁流量计概念

返回列表 来源:本站 发布日期: 2021-01-08 02:23:06
一、电磁流量计的概念
 
电磁流量计(简称EMF )是利用法拉第电磁感应定律制成的一种丈量导电液体体积流量的仪表。50 年代初电磁流量计(EMF) 实现了产业化应用, 70 年代后期泛起键控低频矩形波激磁方式, 逐渐替换早期应用的工频交流激磁方式, 仪表机能有了很大进步, 得到更为广泛的应用。近年来,发展速度较快, 2005 年全球产量估计在20 万台以上。目前,大口径电磁流量计较多应用于给排水工程, 中小口径常用于固液双相等难测流体或高要求场所。如丈量造纸产业纸浆液和黑液、有色冶金业的矿浆、选煤厂的煤浆、化学产业的强侵蚀液以及钢铁产业高炉风口冷却水控制和监漏,长间隔管道煤的水力输送的流量丈量和控制。小口径、微小口径电磁流量计则常用于医药产业、食物产业、生物工程等有卫生要求的场所。
 
二、测量原理
 
电磁流量计是根据法拉第电磁感应定律进行流量测量的流量计。可测流量范围大。最大流量与最小流量的比值一般为20 :1 以上,适用的工业管径范围宽,最大可达3m,输出信号和被测流量成线性, 精确度较高, 可测量电导率≥5μs/cm的酸、碱、盐溶液、水、污水、腐蚀性液体以及泥浆、矿浆、纸浆等的流体流量。但它不能测量气体、蒸汽以及纯净水的流量。
 
当导体在磁场中作切割磁力线运动时,在导体中会产生感应电势,感应电势的大小与导体在磁场中的有效长度及导体在磁场中作垂直于磁场方向运动的速度成正比。同理,导电流体在磁场中作垂直方向流动而切割磁感应力线时,也会在管道两边的电极上产生感应电势。感应电势的方向由右手定则判定,感应电势的大小由下式确定:
 
Ex=BDv ----------------式( 1)
 
式( 1)中
 
Ex— 感应电势, V;
 
B—磁感应强度, T
 
D— 管道内径, m
 
v— 液体的平均流速, m/s
 
然而体积流量qv 等于流体的流速v 与管道截面积( πD2)/4 的乘积,将式( 1)代入
 
该式得:
 
Qv=(π D/4B)* Ex -------- -式( 2)
 
由上式可知,在管道直径D 己定且保持磁感应强度B 不变时,被测体积流量与感应电势呈线性关系。若在管道两侧各插入一根电极, 就可引入感应电势Ex,测量此电势的大小,就可求得体积流量。据法拉第电磁感应原理,在与测量管轴线和磁力线相垂直的管壁上安装了一对检测电极,当导电液体沿测量管轴线运动时, 导电液体切割磁力线产生感应电势, 此感应电势由两个检测电极检出,数值大小与流速成正比例,其值为:
 
E=B·V·D·K
式中: E-感应电势;
K-与磁场分布及轴向长度有关的系数;
B-磁感应强度;
V-导电液体平均流速;
D-电极间距;(测量管内直径)
 
传感器将感应电势E 作为流量信号, 传送到转换器, 经放大, 变换滤波等信号处理后,用带背光的点阵式液晶显示瞬时流量和累积流量。转换器有4~20mA 输出,报警输出及频率输出,并设有RS-485 等通讯接口,并支持HART 和MODBUS 协议。
 
注:不同电磁流量计参数略有差异,使用时请务必查看说明书。
 
根据法拉第电磁感应定律,在磁感应强度为B 的均匀磁场中,垂直于磁场方向放一个内径为D 的不导磁管道,当导电液体在管道中以流速v 流动时,导电流体就切割磁力线.如果在管道截面上垂直于磁场的直径两端安装一对电极则可以证明, 只要管道内流速分布为轴对称分布,两电极之间产生感生电动势:

e=KBDv (3-36)式中, v 为管道截面上的平均流速, k 为仪表常数。由此可得管道的体积流量为:
qv= π eD/4KB (3-37)
由上式可见,体积流量qv 与感应电动势e 和测量管内径D 成线性关系,与磁场的磁感应强度B 成反比,与其它物理参数无关。这就是电磁流量计的测量原理。
 
需要说明的是,要使式(3— 37) 严格成立,必须使电磁流量计测量条件满足下列假定:
 
①磁场是均匀分布的恒定磁场;
 
②被测流体的流速轴对称分布;
 
③被测液体是非磁性的;
 
④被测液体的电导率均匀且各向同性

三、机能优缺点
 
(1)优点:
 
1、电磁流量计的丈量通道是一段无阻流检测件的光滑直管,因不易梗阻,适用于丈量含有固体颗粒或纤维的液固二相流体,如纸浆、煤水浆、矿浆、泥浆和污水等
2、电磁流量计不产生因检测流量所形成的压力损失,仪表的阻力仅是统一长度管道的沿程阻力,节能效果明显,对于要求低阻力损失的大管径供水管道最为适合。
 
3、电磁流量计所测得的体积流量,实际上不受流体密度、粘度、温度、压力和电导率(只要在某阈值以上)变化显著的影响。
 
4、与其他大部分流量仪表比拟,前置直管段要求较低。
 
5、丈量范围度大,通常为20:1~50:1,可选流量范围宽。满度值液体流速可在0.5~10m/s 内选定。
 
6、电磁流量计的口径范围比其他品种流量仪表宽, 从几毫米到3m。可测正反双向流量,也可测脉动流量,只要脉动频率低于激磁频率良多。仪表输出本质上是线性的。
 
7、易于选择与流体接触件的材料品种,可应用于侵蚀性流体。

 (2)缺点:
 
1、电磁流量计不能丈量电导率很低的液体, 如石油制品和有机溶剂等。不能丈量气体、蒸汽和含有较多较大气泡的液体。
 
2、通用型电磁流量计因为衬里材料和电气绝缘材料限制,不能用于200 度以上高温度的液体;同时不能用于温度过低的介质,因丈量管外凝露(或霜)而破坏绝缘。
 
四、分类与应用
 
目前,电磁流量计已发展成多种类型,分类方法也有良多种:
 
1.按励磁方式分类

1)直流励磁型这种电磁流量计数目很少, 只用于丈量液态金属流量, 如常温下的汞和高温下的液态钠、钾等。
 
2)交流工频励磁型较早期的电磁流量计用50Hz 工频市电励磁,因为易受电磁干扰和零点漂移等原因,现已逐渐被低频矩形励磁所代替。但在丈量泥浆、矿浆等液固两相流时,低频矩形波励磁方式因为不能克服固体掠过电极表面产生的尖峰噪声, 而工频交流励磁的仪表则不存在这一缺点,所以海内外尚有一些电磁流量计仍采用交流励磁方式。
 
3)低频矩形波励磁型用于低频矩形波励磁方式功耗小, 零点不乱, 是目前电磁流量计的主要励磁方式。其波形有“正—负”二值和“正—零—负—零”三值两种。有的电磁流量计励磁频率可以由用户设定,一般小口径仪表用较高频率,大口径仪表用较低频率。
 
4)双频励磁型励磁电流的波形是在低频矩形波上叠加高频矩形波, 主要为克服二值矩形波励磁存在的浆液噪声和活动噪声,进步仪表的不乱性和响应特性。
 
2.按传感器和转换器的组成分类
 
1)分离型这是电磁流量计的主要型式。传感器安装在畅通流畅管道上, 转换器装在仪表室内或易于安装和操纵的传感器四周, 间隔一般为数十到数百米。其好处是转换器可阔别现场恶劣环境前提,电子器件的检查、调整和丈量参数的比较利便。
 
2)一体型传感器和转换器组装在一起, 装在工艺管道上直接输出反映流量大小的电流(或频率) 尺度信号。其好处是缩短了传感器和转换器之间的流量信号线和励磁线的连接长度,没有外界的这类布线,因此电器接线简朴,价格也比较便宜。但易受管道布置的限制,假如安装在人们不易接近的场所,维护很不利便;此外,转换器中的电子器件装在管道上,易受液体温度和管道振动的影响。
        
3.按连接方式分类
 
按流量传感器与管道连接方法分类, 有法兰连接、法兰夹装连接、卫生型连接和螺纹连接。
 
4.按用途分类
 
1)通用型用于冶金、石化、造纸、轻纺、给排水、污水处理以及医药、食物、生物和精细化工等产业领域中的一般电磁流量计, 是电磁流量计的主要类型。对被测介质的电导率有一范围要求,一般不能超过其上下限范围。
 
2)防爆型用于有爆炸性气氛的场所。因为励磁电流能量较大, 目前仍是以隔爆型为主。近年来国外已泛起本质安全型, 即安全火花型电磁流量计, 励磁功率大幅度降低, 可以做成一体型,全部装在危险区域内工作。
 
 
3)卫生型用于医药、食口和生物化学等产业的电磁流量计, 在定时来菌、便于拆卸清洗等方面要符合有关卫生的要求。
 
4)防浸水型用于安装在地面下的传感器,可承受短时间的水浸没。
 
5)潜水型用于丈量明渠或非满管暗渠自由水面自由流时的流量。传感器在明渠截流挡板下部,长期浸在水下工作。结构和使用上都有别于一般电磁流量计。
 
6)插入型用于大管径的电磁流量传感器。传感器从管道开孔中径向插入, 以丈量局部流速推算流量,精确度较低,但价格便宜,合用于控制系统。

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